The process of standard classification and identification of aviation regulated substances is not straightforward. Aviation regulated substances are easily classified as ordinary cargo into air transport links, which created safety risks associated with air transport. By analyzing the definition of aviation regulated substances, the scope of hazardous is determined, including anesthesia, tear gas, odor, the acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), serious eye damage or eye irritation, respiratory or skin sensitization, specific target organ toxicity, aspiration hazard. The unified layered classification scheme for aviation regulated substances is performed on the basis of the assessment guidelines for the health hazard classification of Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals. The methods and standards of identification, data sources, and data processing method are specifically discussed. The types of aviation regulated substances are briefly summarized. In order to guide the actual classification and identification, the classification process of two odorous substances is discussed in detail, which is benefit for ensuring the safety of air transport and counter-terrorism work.