In this paper, based on the principle of multi-beam interference, a new type of extrinsic fiber Fabry-Perot (F-P) sensor is fabricated to explore its deformation measurement performance during static tensile testing of aero-engine component materials at room temperature/high temperature. Two types of specimens, flat plate and round bar, were used to perform static tensile tests at room temperature and high temperature under different surface roughness and two loading rates, respectively, compared with Advanced Video Extensometer (AVE). The test results show that the extrinsic optical fiber F-P sensor with a new structure has the advantages of large measurement range, high measurement accuracy, and the measurement results are not affected by external factors, and can achieve over-range full-strain measurement of aero-engine component materials. In addition, it is significantly better than AVE in terms of measurement accuracy and equipment volume. This paper verifies the accuracy and practicability of the extrinsic optical fiber FP sensor with the new structure in the room temperature/high temperature environment static tensile test process, and lays the foundation for its application in the high temperature creep test of micro specimens of aeroengine component materials.