Conducting accelerated test has gradually become an important way for performance analysis and life management of aviation high-performance structures (such as turbine blades). However, the reasonable and effective evaluation of accelerated test results has become a difficult problem restricting the development of accelerated test technology. Therefore, based on the existing physical mechanism methods, by constructing the quantitative relationship between microstructure characteristics and macro performance, this paper proposes an acceleration effectiveness evaluation method based on quantitative identification of micro characteristics, and systematically explains the acceleration damage and failure mechanism of turbine blades. This method uses a variety of advanced detection technologies to perform qualitative analysis and quantitative characterization of fracture morphologies, microstructures and element compositions, and takes the typical characteristics in field service as the comparison benchmark, which overcomes the main shortcomings of the existing physical mechanism methods and makes the evaluation results more accurate and reliable. The method proposed in this paper has important reference significance for improving the accuracy of performance analysis and life prediction of aviation high-performance structures.